Cost Basis Methods

When you sell shares that were purchased at different prices and times, the cost basis method determines which shares are considered sold first. This directly affects your capital gains calculation and tax liability.

🤓 Example: You bought 10 shares at $50, then 10 more at $100. When you sell 10 shares at $120, your gain depends on which shares you're "selling":

• Using FIFO: You sell the $50 shares → $700 gain
• Using LIFO: You sell the $100 shares → $200 gain
• Using ACB: Average cost is $75 → $450 gain

Available Methods

FIFO (First-In, First-Out)

The oldest shares you purchased are sold first. This is the default method and required by most tax jurisdictions worldwide.

How it works: Your purchase lots are ordered by date, oldest first. When you sell, shares are matched against the oldest lots until the sale quantity is fulfilled.

Best for:

• Most investors (it's the legal default in many countries)
• Long-term investors who want to qualify for long-term capital gains rates
• Situations where your oldest shares have the highest cost basis

LIFO (Last-In, First-Out)

The most recently purchased shares are sold first.

How it works: Your purchase lots are ordered by date, newest first. When you sell, shares are matched against the most recent purchases.

Best for:

• Rising markets where recent purchases have higher cost basis
• Tax-loss harvesting when recent purchases are underwater
• Short-term trading strategies

HICO (High Cost)

Shares with the highest purchase price are sold first, regardless of when they were purchased.

How it works: Your purchase lots are ordered by cost per share, highest first. When you sell, the most expensive shares are matched first.

Best for:

• Minimizing capital gains tax
• Selling appreciated positions while keeping tax liability low
• Tax-efficient portfolio rebalancing

LOCO (Low Cost)

Shares with the lowest purchase price are sold first.

How it works: Your purchase lots are ordered by cost per share, lowest first. When you sell, the cheapest shares are matched first.

Best for:

• Years when you have low income and want to realize gains at lower tax rates
• Resetting cost basis higher on remaining shares
• Estate planning strategies

Manual (Specific Lot Identification)

Choose exactly which lots to close when selling, giving you complete control over your tax outcome.

How it works: When creating a Sell transaction for a position with existing lots, you can select specific lots using the Transaction lots to close field. The selected lots will be closed first (in the order you select them), before the default cost basis method applies to any remaining quantity.

Best for:

• Tax-loss harvesting when you want to sell specific underwater lots
• Realizing long-term vs short-term gains strategically
• Matching specific lots for wash sale management
• Any situation where you need precise control over which shares are sold

To use manual lot selection:

1. Create or edit a Sell transaction
2. Look for the Transaction lots to close field (appears when selling from an existing position)
3. Select one or more lots from the dropdown - they're listed by purchase date with remaining quantity
4. The selected lots will be closed in the order you choose them

ACB (Average Cost Basis)

All shares of the same asset are pooled together at a weighted average cost. Individual lots are not tracked.

How it works:

• Total cost of all shares ÷ Total number of shares = Average cost per share
• When you buy more, the new purchase is averaged into the pool
• When you sell, the average cost is used for all shares sold

Required in:

• Canada: ACB is mandatory for most securities. The average is calculated across all accounts.
• UK: Known as "share pooling" or Section 104 holding. Calculated per account with special same-day and 30-day matching rules.
• Germany: ACB is used for shares purchased after certain dates.

Setting Your Cost Basis Method

You can configure cost basis methods at multiple levels. More specific settings override general ones.

Project Default

The tax preset attached to your accounts determines the default method for tax calculations. Built-in presets use the method required by that jurisdiction.

Per Account

Set a default method for all positions in a specific account:

1. Go to the Account's settings
2. Navigate to the Positions tab
3. Set the Cost basis method

This is useful when you have accounts in different jurisdictions with different requirements.

Per Asset

Set a default method for a specific asset across all accounts:

1. Open the Asset details
2. Navigate to the Positions tab
3. Set the Cost basis method

This is useful for assets with special tax treatment.

Per Position (Account + Asset)

Override the method for a specific asset in a specific account:

1. Open either the Account or Asset settings
2. Navigate to the Positions tab
3. Click Set account or Set asset to add a specific override
4. Configure the Cost basis method for that combination

Cost Basis in Reports

Taxable Income Report

The Taxable Income Report shows closed positions with their expense (cost basis), revenue (sale proceeds), and income (gain/loss). The cost basis shown reflects your chosen method.

When grouped by Transaction Lot, you can see exactly which purchase lots were matched against each sale - helpful for verifying the correct method was applied.

Taxes Due Report

The Taxes Due Report calculates taxes based on your tax preset rules. The cost basis method affects the expense value available in your preset's statements.

For ACB presets, the expense reflects the average cost at the time of sale rather than specific lot costs.

Changing Methods

If you change your cost basis method, Capitally will recalculate all historical position unit pairings. This may change your historical gains/losses.